There was no protectorate on June 12, 1898

SOME claim that June 12 is not the fitting day to observe the country’s Independence Day because of a supposedly faulty passage in the document of the proclamation of Philippine independence from Spanish rule, which …

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Lupang Hinirang (The Philippine National Anthem)

Bayang magiliw, perlas ng Silanganan,
Alab ng puso, sa dibdib mo’y buhay.
Lupang hinirang, duyan ka ng magiting
Sa manlulupig, ‘di ka pasisiil.

Sa dagat at bundok, sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw,
May …

The Philippine National Anthem: Historical Notes

The Philippine National Anthem is a product of revolution, a response to the need of the revolutionary times that gave birth to it. And this need arose in 1898, when the revolution against Spain was …

The Making of the Philippine Flag

During his exile in HongKong in 1897, General Emilio Aguinaldo designed the Filipino flag as it looks today. The flag was sewn by Doña Marcela Mariño de Agoncillo with the help of her daughter Lorenza …

Remembering Claro M. Recto

By Tony P. Fernandez

The year was 1950. The place was the Malate church in Manila. I was attending a Sunday mass and stood on the aisle because the church was full. Then suddenly he …

To the Young Women of Malolos

Original Tagalog version: Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos

This famous letter was written by Jose Rizal in Tagalog, while he was residing in London, upon the request of M. H. del Pilar. The story behind