By Sir Allan Terrett, KR

Rizal was truly an amazing man. Professor Blumentritt had said that a man of his stature only appears in the history of any nation, once every century. I don’t believe Australia has yet produced a man of his stature.

I will briefly review some of the areas in which he excelled, in his short life of only 35 and a half years.

He was:

    *      an anthropologist
    *      a botanist
    *      a businessman
    *      a cartographer
    *      a dramatist
    *      an economist
    *      an educator
    *      an engineer
    *      an essayist
    *     an entomologist,

While he was in Dapitan he used to send plant, animal and insects to Europe. (1) A rare frog which was named Rahpcophorus Rizali, (2)  A small beetle belonging to the species coleoptera, which was named Apogonia Rizali, and (3) A dragon fly which was named Draco Rizali.

He was a farmer

    *      a folklorist
    *      a geographer
    *      a grammarian
    *      a historian
    *      a horticulturist
    *      a humorist
    *      a lexicographer
    *      a linguist, He could speak with ease 22 languages, and in many was able to write letters and poetry.

He was

    *     a musician
    *     a novelist
    *    a painter
    *    a physician - including a specialist ophthalmologist
    *    a poet
    *    a philosopher
    *    a polemist
    *    a psychologist.

He was

    *    a satirist
    *    a sculptor
    *    a sportsman
    *    a sociologist
    *    a surveyor
    *    a traveller, and
    *    a zoologist;

but more than these a patriot, a hero and a martyr.

Some believe that Rizal is no longer relevant to the present day; because the circumstances and the tyranny of the times in which he lived have long since passed.

But I believe this is wrong. Rizal and his legacy are for all times, and all ages, and all classes of people.

I am a great believer that we should all have a hero in our lives, somebody to try to emulate; - and there is no better person to have as a hero, and to try to emulate, - than Rizal.

Rizal was a man who suffered

    *    hardship
    *    persecution
    *    poverty
    *   disillusionment
    *   sorrow.

We must remember that he was a man; made of flesh and bones just like us; - and though we may fall short of his example, we will be better for having been inspired by his example.

I believe that we who have children of Filipino background have an obligation to teach children about Rizal.

I believe that if we, and if we teach our children to try to emulate aspects of Rizal’s life, then this will raise ours; - and our children’s standards of:

    *   dedication to ideals
    *   dedication to study
    *   standards of morality, actions, behaviour, thinking, aims, and ethics
    *   respect for law, parents, other people, and country
    *   and to use our lives more productively.

I believe that the teachings of Rizal are very relevant today; he is a man for all times, and that if he becomes a role model for ourselves, and our children, then we, our community, and our country will be better for it.

*** Paper presented at “A Symposium on the Life and Works of Dr Jose P. Rizal” by the  Order of the Knights of Rizal, Sydney Chapter, on May 30, 1999 at the Bankstown RSL Club, Bankstown, NSW.

By  Renato Perdon

A clear proof the cultural diversity of the Filipinos is the number of languages and dialects spoken in the Philippines, from Batanes in the North to Jolo in the South.

This language diversity is one of the reasons why it took more than three centuries, after the arrival in the Philippines of the Europeans in the 16th century, for Filipinos to become a cohesive integrated national community.

The religious missionaries took it upon themselves to learn and master the native dialects instead of teaching the natives to speak in Spanish.

In the case of the Americans, it was opposite. Believing that a single language is the key to any colonisation scheme, Filipinos were forced to learn American English.

The language problem in the Philippines was recognised only in the 1930s. It took a politician who later became the country’s president, Manuel L. Quezon, a Tagalog speaker from Baler, Tayabas, now Quezon Province, to push the idea of a single language for the Filipinos.

During the 1935 Constitutional Convention, it was Quezon who worked hard for the inclusion of a provision that would require the development of a national language for the Filipinos.

Initially, Tagalog ( note: a dialect which was the lingua franca of Manila)  was proposed as the national language but the non-Tagalog speakers, mainly from the Province of Cebu, objected and the word Tagalog was deleted and replaced by a phrase “one of the existing native languages”.

Thus, the Philippine Constitution provides “Congress shall take steps towards the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.”… English and Spanish would continue as official languages of the country.  In pursuance of this mandate, the National Assembly, the lawmaking body of the Philippines at that time, created the Institute of National Language (INL) to study which among the native languages could be developed and adopted as the national language of the Philippines. The INL was composed of a chairman and members representing the major native languages of the Philippines such as Iloco, Pangasinan, Ibanag, Pampango, Tagalog, Bikol, Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), Cebuano, Samar-Leyte and Magindanaw.

Jaime C. de Veyra, scholar, historian and politician, who hailed from the Province of Leyte became the Chairman of the INL. In 1937, the Institute recommended to Congress the adoption of Tagalog as the basis of developing a national language. Subsequently, President Quezon proclaimed the national language of the Philippines based on the Tagalog dialect.

The development of the national language of the Philippines was slow. According to historian Onofre D. Corpuz, by 1960 only 44.5% of the population spoke Pilipino, the official name of the national language, although this was better than the 39.5% for English and 25% for Spanish. This slow development was due to the fact that while Pilipino was being taught in school, it was not used as a medium of instruction, compared to English which was taught as if it was a native language.

The use of Pilipino, based on Tagalog, as one of the media of instruction in all schools in the Philippines, gained momentum in the 1970s when a a bilingual policy in education was adopted by the National Board of Education…. The policy, among other things, provided for the gradual introduction on all levels, starting in 1973, of Pilipino as the medium of instruction in certain subjects like the social sciences, practical arts and physical education. However, English was retained as the medium of instruction in mathematics and the sciences.

While Pilipino was gaining a headway as a national language with many Filipinos becoming conversant in the language, arguments against it continued. During the 1971 Constitutional Convention which revised the 1935 Philippine Constitution, the language issue was one of the heated subjects that dominated the many conferences and meetings attended by the delegates.

As completed, the 1973 Constitution of the Philippines incorporated a much clearer policy on the issue. It stated that “the National Assembly shall take steps towards the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Pilipino.”  Moreover, it was also mandated that the fundamental law be “officially promulgated in English and Pilipino.”

The wider use of Pilipino during the People’s Power Revolution in 1986 added credibility to the national language…. the Aquino sponsored Provisional Constitution, also known as “Freedom Constitution” …issued on 25 March 1986… was ordered published in English and Pilipino.

… In the past, the subject of a national language only worth a few lines in the fundamental law of the land. However, in the 1987 Constitution, a separate part titled “Language”, with four sections devoted solely on the subject of national language, is incorporated.

Approved in a nationwide plebiscite on 2 February 1987, Filipino became the new name of the national language of the Philippines and the government was enjoined “to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as a language of instruction in the educational system.”

The Constitution also mandated the creation of the Commission on Filipino Language (CFL) which will undertake, coordinate, and promote research for the development, propagation, and preservation of Filipino and other languages.

** This article is an extract from the author’s book, English Filipino Wordbook.  / webmaster rc 010899 - Emanila Team

What is Internet in Tagalog?

We mentioned to all emanila.com members and users that our online translation service is not in Tagalog but in Filipino (Pilipino).

It has now become obvious from Mr Renato Perdon’s “The Making of a National Language” why it is so. While Tagalog is the basis of the development of Pilipino (now Filipino) in the 70s, the fact still remains that the latter is a language on its own. The two are distinct and different from each other.

Tagalog still remains Tagalog. Filipino (Pilipino) on the other hand consists of words integrated from the various Philippine dialects as well as from foreign languages.

For example, consider the following figures:

Based on Mr Perdon’s research, the official dictionary issued in 1991 by the Commission on Filipino Language had about 55% of the words integrated into Filipino coming from the major dialects in the Philippines, namely: Bicol (301 words), Cebuano (526 words), Hiligaynon (564 words), Ilocano (122 words), Kapampangan (51 words), Pangasinan (82 words), Old Tagalog / Tagalog (8,463 words), and Samar-Leyte (459 words).

There are also 328 Tausug words, 222 words from the Maranao dialect, 99 words from Maguindanao, 23 words from Samal, 16 words from the Tingian, 12 words from Isneg and another 12 words from Tagbanua.

On the influence of foreign languages, Mr Perdon has also reported that:

Spanish words account for 5,210 words followed by English (1,907), Chinese (232), Malay (176 words), Latin (70), French (46), Sanskrit (29), Arabic (28), German (25), Mexican (20), and Japanese (13).

There are also 7 words each from the Indonesian and Italian languages, 2 words each from the Argentinian, Australian, Hawaiian, Javanese and Swish languages. One word each came from Aztec, Czechoslovakian, Finish, Greek, India, and Russian languages.

Such is the vibrancy and dynamism of Filipino as a language. We will not be surprised if these days, the number of English words have increased. For how do you translate the contemporary words, especially those related to the Internet and other areas of information technology, in Filipino?

Has anyone started looking for the exact equivalent of the following common words: Internet, modem, web site, browser, email, upload, download, hyperlink, toolbar?

We will not be surprised to know that in Tagalog there are none! But in Filipino there are. The equivalent words are the native words — except that these are spelled in a manner that is distinctly Filipino! Example? Try web sayt for web site, brawser for browser, and tulbar for toolbar.

(This article was originally posted Dec 3, 2002 at emanila*plaza, emanila*pilipino)

Romy Cayabyab is the publisher of emanila.com